---
title: Taxes
description: Learn how to configure taxes in Spree
---



Spree represents taxes for an order by using Tax Categories and `tax_rates`.

Products within Spree can be linked to Tax Categories, which are then used to influence the taxation rate for the products when they are purchased. One Tax Category can be set to being the default for the entire system, which means that if a product doesn't have a related tax category, then this default tax category would be used.

Here's the list of Tax Category attributes:

| Attribute         | Description                                                  | Example Value                |
|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| `name`            | The name of the tax category.                                | Clothing   |
| `is_default`       | Indicates if this is the default tax category.                | `true`                  |
| `tax_code`         | The tax code associated with the tax category.                | `1257L`      |

<Note>
  Tax code is a unique identifier for the tax category. It's used to identify the tax category in the backend. This value can originate from the tax provider (eg. Stripe, Avalara) or be generated by Spree.
</Note>

A `tax_category` can have many `tax_rates`, which indicate the rate at which the products belonging to a specific tax category will be taxed at. 

`Spree::TaxRate` object includes these attributes:

| Attribute            | Description                                                                 | Example Value       |
|----------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|
| `amount`             | The tax rate amount as a decimal. This will be presented as a percentage.                                          | `0.08`              |
| `zone_id`            | The ID of the zone this tax rate applies to.                                | `1`                 |
| `tax_category_id`    | The ID of the tax category this tax rate is associated with.                | `2`                 |
| `included_in_price`  | Indicates if the tax is included in the price (true) or added on top (false). | `false`            |
| `name`               | The name of the tax rate.                                                   | California Sales Tax |
| `show_rate_in_label` | Indicates if the tax rate (8%) should be shown in the label.                     | `true`              |

A tax rate links to a particular Zone see [Addresses](/developer/core-concepts/addresses) for more information about zones. When an order is placed in a specific zone, any of the products for that order which have a tax zone that matches the order's tax zone will be taxed.

The standard sales tax policies commonly found in the USA can be modeled as well as Value Added Tax VAT which is commonly used in Europe. These are not the only types of tax rules that you can model in Spree. Once you obtain a sufficient understanding of the basic concepts you should be able to model the tax rules of your country or jurisdiction.

<Note>
Taxation within the United States can get exceptionally complex, with different states, countries and even cities having different taxation rates. If you are shipping interstate within the United States, we would strongly advise you to use the [Spree Avatax](https://github.com/spree-contrib/spree_avatax_official) or [Spree TaxJar](https://github.com/spree-contrib/spree_taxjar) extension so that you get correct tax rates.
</Note>

## Basic Examples

Let's say you need to charge 5% tax for all items that ship to New York and 6% on only clothing items that ship to Pennsylvania. This will mean you need to construct two different zones: one zone containing just the state of New York and another zone consisting of the single state of Pennsylvania.

Here's another hypothetical scenario. You would like to charge 10% tax on all electronic items and 5% tax on everything else. This tax should apply to all countries in the European Union EU. In this case you would construct just a single zone consisting of all the countries in the EU. The fact that you want to charge two different rates depending on the type of good does not mean you need two zones.

 Please see the [Addresses guide](/developer/core-concepts/addresses) for more information on constructing a zone.

## Default Tax Zone

Spree also has the concept of a default tax zone. When a user is adding items to their cart we do not yet know where the order will be shipped to, and so it's assumed that the cart is within the default tax zone until later. In some cases we may want to estimate the tax for the order by assuming the order falls within a particular tax zone.

Why might we want to do this? The primary use case for this is for countries where there is already tax included in the price. In the EU, for example, most products have a Value Added Tax VAT included in the price. There are cases where it may be desirable to show the portion of the product price that includes tax. In order to calculate this tax amount we need to know the zone and corresponding Tax Rate that was assumed in the price.

We may also reduce the order total by the tax amount if the order is being shipped outside the tax jurisdiction. Again, this requires us to know the zone assumed in making the original tax calculation so that the tax amount can be backed out.

## Shipping vs. Billing Address

Most tax jurisdictions base the tax on the shipping address of where the order is being shipped to. So in these cases the shipping address is used when determining the tax zone. Spree does, however, allow you to use the billing address to determine the zone.

To determine tax based on billing address instead of shipping address you will need to add this line to your `config/initializers/spree.rb`

```ruby
Spree::Config[:tax_using_ship_address] = false
```

 `Spree::Zone.match` is a method used to determine the most applicable zone for taxation. In the case of multiple matches, the closer match will be used, with State zone matches having priority over Country zone matches.

## Calculators

In order to charge tax in Spree you also need a `Spree::Calculator`. In most cases you should be able to use Spree's [DefaultTax calculator](https://github.com/spree/spree/blob/main/core/app/models/spree/calculator/default_tax.rb). It is suitable for both sales tax and price-inclusive tax scenarios. For more information, please read the [Calculators guide](calculators).

<Note>
 The `DefaultTax` calculator uses the item total exclusive of shipping when computing sales tax.
</Note>

## Tax Types

There are two basic types of tax that a store owner might need to contend with. In the United States and some other countries store owners sometimes need to charge what is known as "sales tax." In the European Union EU and other countries stores owners need to deal with "tax inclusive" pricing which is often called Value Added Tax VAT.

Most taxes can be considered one of these two types. For instance, in Australia customers pay a Goods and Services Tax GST. This is basically equivalent to VAT in Europe.

In some cases you may need to charge one type of tax for orders falling within one zone and another type of tax for orders falling within a different zone. There are even some rare situations where you may need to charge both types of tax in the same zone. Spree supports all of these scenarios.

### Sales Tax

Sales tax is the default tax type for any tax rate in Spree.

Let's take an example of a sales tax situation for the United States. Imagine that we have a zone that covers all of North America and that the zone is used for a tax rate which applies a 5% tax on products with the tax category of "Clothing".

If the customer purchases a single clothing item for $17.99 and they live in the United States which is within the North America zone we defined they are eligible to pay sales tax.

The sales tax calculation is $17.99 x 5% for a total tax of $0.8995, which is rounded up to two decimal places, to $0.90. This tax amount is then applied to the order as an adjustment.

 See the \[Adjustments Guide\]/developer/core-concepts/adjustments.html if you need more information on adjustments.

If the quantity of the item is changed to 2, then the tax amount doubles: $17.99 x 2 x 0.05 is $1.799, which is again rounded up to two decimal places, applying a tax adjustment of $1.80.

Let's now assume that we have another product that's a coffee mug, which doesn't have the "Clothing" tax category applied to it. Let's also assume this product costs $13.99, and there's no default tax category set up for the system. Under these circumstances, the coffee mug will not be taxed when it's added to the order.

Finally, if the taxable address either the shipping or billing, depending on the `Spree::Config[:tax_using_ship_address]` setting is changed for the order to outside this taxable zone, then the tax adjustment on the order will be removed. If the address is changed back, the tax rate will be applied once more.

### Tax Included

Many jurisdictions have what is commonly referred to as a Value Added Tax VAT. In these cases the tax is typically applied to the price. This means that prices for items are "inclusive of tax" and no additional tax needs to be applied during checkout.

In the case of tax inclusive pricing the store owner can enter all prices inclusive of tax if their home country is the default zone. If there is no default zone set, any taxes that are included in the price will be added to the net prices on the fly depending on the current order's tax zone.

If the current order's tax zone is outside the default zone, prices will be shown and used with only the included taxes for that zone applied. If there is no VAT for that zone for example when the current order's shipping address is outside the EU, the net price will be shown and used.

 Keep in mind that each order records the price a customer paid including the tax as part of the line item record. This means you don't have to worry about changing prices or tax rates affecting older orders.

When tax is included in the price there is no order adjustment needed unlike the sales tax case. Stores are, however, typically interested in showing the amount of tax the user paid. These totals are for informational purposes only and do not affect the order total.

Let's start by looking at an example where there is a 5% included on all products and it's included in the price. We'll further assume that this tax should only apply to orders within the United Kingdom UK.

In the case where the order address is within the UK and we purchase a single clothing item for £17.99 we see an order total of £17.99. The tax rate adjustment applied is £17.99 x 5%, which is £0.8995, and that is rounded up to two decimal places, becoming £0.90.

Now let's increase the quantity on the item from 1 to 2. The order total changes to £35.98 with a tax total of £1.799, which is again rounded up to now being £1.80.

Next we'll add a different clothing item costing £19.99 to our order. Since both items are clothing and taxed at the same rate, they can be reduced to a single total, which means there's a single adjustment still applied to the order, calculated like this: £17.99 + £19.99 x 0.05 = £1.899, rounded up to two decimal places: £1.90.

Now let's assume an additional tax rate of 10% on a "Consumer Electronics" tax category. When we add a product with this tax category to our order with a price of £16.99, there will be a second adjustment added to the order, with a calculated total of £16.99 x 10%, which is £1.699. Rounded up, it's £1.70.

Finally, if the order's address is changed to being outside this tax zone, then there will be two negative adjustments applied to remove these tax rates from the order.

### Additional Examples

#### Differing VATs for different product categories depending on the customer's zone

As of January 1st, 2015, digital products sold within the EU must have the VAT of the receiving country applied. Physical products must have the seller's VAT applied. In order to set this up, please proceed as follows:

1. Create zones for all EU countries and a zone for all EU countries except your home zone.
2. Mark your home zone as the default zone so you can conveniently enter gross prices.
3. Create a tax category "Digital products", and a tax category "Physical products".
4. Add tax rates that are "included in tax" for the tax category "Physical goods" for all EU countries.
5. Add two tax rates for the tax category "Physical products": 1. One for your home country, with your home country's VAT 2. One for the rest of the EU, also with your home country's VAT

If you change the tax zone of the current order by changing the relevant address, prices will now be shown and used including the correct VAT for the current order.

 All of the examples in this guide are meant to be used for illustrative purposes. They are not meant to be used as definitive interpretations of tax law. You should consult your accountant or attorney for guidance on how much tax to collect and under what circumstances.